Physical Science

3.4 Chemistry
Content Objective(s) and Process Objective(s)
What Students Should Know and Be Able to Do

(Related Objectives 3.3 and 3.5)

3.4.4 Grade 4:

3.4.7 Grade 7:

3.4.4 A Recognize basic concepts about the structure and properties of matter.

3.4.7 A Describe concepts about the structure and properties of matter.

Know

Do

Know

Do

The chemical and physical properties of matter (e.g., mass, volume, hardness, density, reactions to simple chemical tests, level of acidity, level of basicity)

The states of matter

The difference between chemical and physical properties and the difference between chemical and physical changes

Identify the states of matter of various substances

Observe the transition between various states of matter

Use various properties of matter (such as hardness, state of matter, relative densities, color) to classify objects

Identify unknown substances by observing their properties and comparing to known substances (e.g., density, hardness)

Observe that substances can react to produce other substances with different chemical and physical properties

Recognize the difference between a chemical and physical change

The difference between molecules and atoms

How to classify substances as elements, compounds or mixtures

That atoms are composed of protons, neutrons and electrons

The indicators of chemical change

That matter is conserved in chemical reactions

That relationship between molecular motion and the states of matter (KMT: Kinetic Molecular Theory)

The fundamental classifications of elements on the Periodic Table (e.g., metals, nonmetals, metalloids)

How pH is measured and used to classify substances as acid, base or neutral

Construct models for simple molecules (water, CO2)

Classify common substances as either elements, compounds or mixtures

Separate the components of a mixture by physical means

Construct atomic models (Bohr model)

Observe simple chemical reactions which produce heat, light, insoluble solids, color changes or gas

Observe a chemical reaction in a closed system and show that no mass is lost

Observe the effect of temperature on states of matter and relate the observations to molecular motion (KMT)

Classify a given element using the Periodic Table

Use indicators to measure pH and classify substances as acid, base or neutral

 

3.4.4 B Know basic energy types, sources and conversions. 3.4.7 B Explain energy sources and transfers and their relationship to heat and temperature.

Know

Do

Know

Do

The basic forms of energy (heat, light, chemical and sound)

Various sources of energy

That energy can be converted from one form to another

That the flow of energy into or out of an object or system can be detected

Observe and identify the various forms of energy

Generate and observe the effects of energy on matter

Identify various sources of energy

Observe the transformation of one form of energy to another (e.g., chemical to electrical-battery, electrical to light-light bulb, chemical to heat and light-burning a match)

 

The relationship between heat and temperature

Various methods of energy transfer

The difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources

Various energy resources used by society (e.g., nuclear, bio-related, fossil, geothermal, solar, water, air)

Illustrate that temperature and heat are not equivalent (average molecular motion vs. total number of molecules involved)

Show how energy is transferred

Classify various energy resources as either renewable or nonrenewable (e.g., coal, solar)

Investigate energy resources and their uses

Compare series and parallel electrical circuits

 

3.4.10 Grade 10:

3.4.12 Grade 12

3.4.10 A Explain concepts about the structure and properties of matter. 3.4.12 A Apply concepts about the structure and properties of matter.

Know

Do

Know

Do

The principle theories of atomic structure and electron notation

Various aspects of periodic law (e.g., families, physical properties and chemical properties)

The basic types of chemical bonds: ionic and covalent

The relationship between bonding and physical properties

Basic chemical nomenclature

Basic types of chemical reactions

The laws of conservation of matter and energy

The various types of mixtures (e.g., homogeneous, heterogeneous) and methods for their separation

Draw GN Lewis dot structures of various elements and ionic and molecular compounds

Write electron configurations of various elements

Identify families and their characteristic chemical and physical properties (e.g., alkali, alkaline earth, halogens, noble gases, reactivity, density, melting point)

Indicate how electrons are shared or transferred to form bonds

Identify the types of chemical bonds in common substances (e.g., sodium chloride, water, sulfuric acid, carbon dioxide, methane)

Show how bonding determines physical properties

Name chemical compounds from formulas (e.g., NaCl is sodium chloride)

Write chemical formulas for compounds (e.g., sodium chloride is NaCl)

Identify types of chemical reactions (e.g., single and double displacement, combination, decomposition)

Write balanced chemical equations to show that atoms are conserved in chemical reactions

Separate a simple mixture by physical means (e.g., filtration, distillation, paper chromatography)

How to read the Periodic Table

The mole concept

Various relationships among the variables that describe gases (e.g., pressure, temperature, volume and moles)

How to apply the principles of stoichiometry

Factors affecting reaction rates in terms of collision theory

Quantitative relationships defining solution chemistry (e.g., molarity, molality, percent concentration)

Various theories describing acids and bases

Various types of intermolecular forces

Various types of electron distributions in chemical bonding

Various types of molecular geometry and VSEPR theory

The relationship between the electronic structure of an element and its position on the Periodic Table

The relationship between the properties of an element and its electronic structure and position on the Periodic Table

Types of reactions (e.g., decomposition, combination, single replacement, double replacement, reversible, nuclear, redox)

The relationship of half-life and nuclear decay

Use the Periodic Table to find atomic mass, atomic number and so on

Calculate formula mass

Interconvert moles and mass

Use standard molar volume (22.4 liters=1 mole) to convert moles to volume of gas at standard conditions

Relate gas variable quantitatively

Predict mass and/or volume of a species in chemical reactions

Calculate percent yields and identify limiting reagents

Observe and evaluate the effects of concentration, temperature, nature of reactants and catalysts on rate of reaction and relate to collision theory

Interpret energy diagrams for endothermic, exothermic and catalyzed reactions

Perform calculations involving concentrations of solutions (e.g., molarity, molality, percent concentration)

Perform calculations involving colligative properties (e.g., boiling point elevation, freezing point depression)

Perform titrations to determine the concentration of an unknown

Apply acid-base theories to classify substances as acid or base

Calculate pH based on solution concentration

Predict the physical state and properties of a substance at a given temperature by consideration of intermolecular forces

Identify the type of electron distribution in a given substance (e.g., polar, ionic)

Relate chemical properties to molecular shape

Explain the basis of the VSEPR theory

Relate molecular shape to electron structure

Predict electronic structure based on the element’s position on the Periodic Table

Classify, predict products and write balanced equations for reactions

Use the half-life of a common isotope to estimate the age of a material

 

3.4.10 B Analyze energy sources and transfers to heat. 3.4.12 B Apply and analyze energy sources and conversions and their relationship to heat and temperature.

Know

Do

Know

Do

Simple principle of thermodynamics

How to use the activity series to predict reactivity

Investigate and explain the heat change in a chemical reaction

Use knowledge of the activity series to produce a chemical reaction that generates an electrical current

Thermodynamic equations as applied to chemical systems

Experimentally determine the specific heat of a substance

Use Hess’s law, heat of formation or bond energies to calculate heat of chemical reactions

Experimentally determine the enthalpy or reaction and compare to accepted value